Exoplanets, or extrasolar planets, are planets that exist outside our solar system, orbiting stars other than the Sun. The term encompasses a diverse range of planetary types, including gas giants, ice giants, super-Earths, and terrestrial planets. Exoplanets vary significantly in size, composition, and distance from their host stars, leading to unique atmospheric and environmental conditions.
The study of exoplanets is a crucial field of astronomy because it expands our understanding of planetary formation, evolution, and the potential for life beyond Earth. They are detected through various methods, such as the transit method, which identifies a dip in a star’s brightness as a planet passes in front, and the radial velocity method, which measures changes in a star’s motion due to gravitational interactions with orbiting planets.
Since the first confirmed discovery of an exoplanet in 1992, thousands have been identified, with ongoing missions and telescopes aiming to find more, especially ones located in the habitable zones of their stars where conditions might allow for liquid water. The study of exoplanets also poses significant questions about the possibility of extraterrestrial life and the diversity of planetary systems throughout the universe.